Evidence-Based Review of Spinal Navigation Use for Radiation Exposure Reduction

Minimally invasive spine surgery (MIST) depends on fluoroscopy and navigation systems because anatomical structures cannot be directly visualized during procedures. As the use of MIST has expanded, occupational radiation exposure among spinal surgeons has become an important concern. This chapter reviews current evidence regarding radiation exposure, basic principles of radiation protection, and radiation-related health risks, including cataracts and chronic hand disorders. In addition, it summarizes evidence on the use of navigation systems to reduce radiation exposure during spinal surgery. Although existing studies are heterogeneous, most have demonstrated substantial reductions in radiation time and dose with navigation-assisted techniques compared with conventional fluoroscopy-guided procedures. Advances in navigation technology are expected to further improve radiation safety in spinal surgery.