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This chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to the current landscape and future trajectory of electric vehicles (EVs), emphasizing their rapid global proliferation and the accompanying technical, infrastructural, and systemic challenges. By 2025, global EV sales are projected to exceed 20 million units, capturing over 25% of the automotive market, with China emerging as the dominant force, contributing nearly 70% of global growth and achieving a domestic penetration rate of 48%. This expansion is underpinned by significant advancements in battery technology, including energy densities reaching 300 Wh/kg, ultra-fast charging capabilities, and extended driving ranges, alongside substantial improvements in charging infrastructure and user satisfaction. The chapter categorizes EVs into battery electric, plug-in hybrid, and fuel cell variants, while also detailing standardized charging modes and their technical specifications. A critical focus is placed on the potential adverse impacts of large-scale uncoordinated EV charging on power grids, such as voltage instability, harmonic distortion, transformer overloads, and transmission congestion. In response, the concept of vehicle-grid integration is introduced, highlighting orderly charging and bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interactions as key strategies for mitigating grid stress and enhancing system resilience. Furthermore, the chapter explores the emerging paradigm of the electricity-transportation coupled network, wherein EV traffic flows and power flows converge at fast-charging stations, creating complex interdependencies between transportation and distribution systems. It underscores the role of fast-charging station aggregators in managing these interactions through price signals and power regulation, particularly under conditions of user bounded rationality and high penetration of renewable energy. Ultimately, this chapter sets the stage for investigating optimal scheduling and regulation strategies within multi-energy, multi-actor urban environments.

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Introduction

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Qiang Yang,
  • Yanchong Zheng,
  • Yuanyi Chen,
  • Siyang Sun

摘要

This chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to the current landscape and future trajectory of electric vehicles (EVs), emphasizing their rapid global proliferation and the accompanying technical, infrastructural, and systemic challenges. By 2025, global EV sales are projected to exceed 20 million units, capturing over 25% of the automotive market, with China emerging as the dominant force, contributing nearly 70% of global growth and achieving a domestic penetration rate of 48%. This expansion is underpinned by significant advancements in battery technology, including energy densities reaching 300 Wh/kg, ultra-fast charging capabilities, and extended driving ranges, alongside substantial improvements in charging infrastructure and user satisfaction. The chapter categorizes EVs into battery electric, plug-in hybrid, and fuel cell variants, while also detailing standardized charging modes and their technical specifications. A critical focus is placed on the potential adverse impacts of large-scale uncoordinated EV charging on power grids, such as voltage instability, harmonic distortion, transformer overloads, and transmission congestion. In response, the concept of vehicle-grid integration is introduced, highlighting orderly charging and bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interactions as key strategies for mitigating grid stress and enhancing system resilience. Furthermore, the chapter explores the emerging paradigm of the electricity-transportation coupled network, wherein EV traffic flows and power flows converge at fast-charging stations, creating complex interdependencies between transportation and distribution systems. It underscores the role of fast-charging station aggregators in managing these interactions through price signals and power regulation, particularly under conditions of user bounded rationality and high penetration of renewable energy. Ultimately, this chapter sets the stage for investigating optimal scheduling and regulation strategies within multi-energy, multi-actor urban environments.