Conclusion

This chapter concludes the book’s systematic study of ceramics unearthed from Liao territory, distinguishing between locally produced “Liao ceramics” and imports from the Five Dynasties and Northern Song. Based on excavations at key kilns such as Gangwayao, Longquanwu, and Jiezhuang, the study shows that Liao kiln technology belongs to the same tradition as that of the Central Plains. It clarifies misconceptions regarding official kiln status and underglaze black decoration, and provides a detailed typological analysis of glaze types, vessel forms, and decorative motifs, identifying three cultural influences: Khitan, Han of Tang and Song dynasties, and Western (Sogdian, Sasanian, Indian, Islamic). The development of Liao ceramics is divided into three phases (916–1004, 1005–1055, 1056–1125), reflecting the Khitan people’s progressive Sinicization. Imported wares from Xing, Yue, Ding, Yaozhou, and Jingdezhen kilns entered Liao via raids, tribute, diplomacy, border markets, and smuggling, with notable changes before and after the Chanyuan Treaty (1005). The chapter also acknowledges limitations, including unresolved kiln attributions, a lack of physicochemical analysis, and the need for more systematic comparative research.