Antibiotics: Mechanisms, Classification, and Resistance

Antibiotics are transformed into modern medicines that are used against infectious diseases. They have been used against bacterial infections for more than 70 years. In the anti-bacterial fight, millions of lives have been saved by antibiotics, which have undoubtedly benefited human civilization. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial illnesses are increasing worldwide. According to their chemical structures, mode of action, administration method (oral, topical, or injectable), and range of activity, carbapenems are the most widely used categorization for antibiotics. The efficacy of antibiotics depends upon the mechanism of action. Bacteria show resistance through four different mechanistic pathways, such as membrane inactivation, membrane remodeling, pump efflux, and alteration of the target site. This study highlighted mainly the classification and resistance pathway in microbial resistance.