Bacteriophages and Vaccines: A Dual Approach to Immune Enhancement

Besides the conventional antibiotic therapy, the following options of disease control should be considered as a result of the appearance of the antibiotic resistance phenomenon. The present chapter focuses on new strategies, including bacteriophage therapy, non-conventional antimicrobial drugs, vaccination, and diet as possible alternatives to control resistant bacteria. These strategies offer better, more directed, and longer-lasting solutions to infection control. Probiotics have a positive effect on the immune system, and phage therapy is effective in veterinary medicine. Vaccines proactively boost the immune system and offer long-lasting protection. New oral vaccines, recombinant vectors, adjuvants, and in ovo immunization methods are some technologies in human and veterinary medicine that offer promising approaches to the prevention of diseases. To achieve long-term infection control sustainability and to reduce our dependence on conventional antibiotics, a holistic integrated approach is required. Despite promising results, existing trials are constrained by regulatory barriers, ethical conundrums, and implementation limitations. Future work should focus on enhancing the refinement of precision medicine, coordinating combination therapies, and addressing logistical deployment challenges. This chapter highlights the importance of integrating innovative approaches in the endeavor to achieve lasting disease control and global health security.