Orchids belong to the family of angiosperms that is both evolutionarily advanced and diverse, with a global population of more than 28,000 species. Many orchid species are at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, overcollection, and climate change, despite their ecological and aesthetic importance. In nature, orchids require symbiotic interaction with mycorrhizal fungi, which is crucial for seed germination, nutrient acquisition, and the survival of the plant. In contrast to the majority of flowering plants, orchid seeds are minute and lack endosperm, necessitating the acquisition of carbon and essential minerals from mycorrhizal fungi, particularly those from the Basidiomycota (e.g., Tulasnella, Ceratobasidium, and Sebacina genera), during germination and early development. Many terrestrial orchid species maintain this mycorrhizal relationship throughout their life cycle, which promotes plant establishment in nutrient-poor substrates and boosts resilience to pathogens and abiotic stress. Understanding the significance of mycorrhizae is essential to developing successful ex situ and in situ conservation measures. In vitro symbiotic germination methods have shown substantial potential for mass propagation, particularly for uncommon, endemic, and threatened orchid species. Ecological restoration is more successful when conservation programs include the isolation, identification, and reintroduction of native mycorrhizal fungi and host orchids. Additionally, scientific tools like DNA barcoding and metagenomics are advancing our understanding of fungal diversity and orchid mycorrhizal specialization across many habitats. Mycorrhizal association with orchids is emphasized in this chapter, along with conservation strategies for orchid species. These comprehensive strategies are essential to the long-term success of conservation and propagation programs as well as the preservation of orchid biodiversity.