This chapter investigates global innovation trends in pollution control technologies—encompassing air pollution abatement, water treatment, and waste management—using LMDI patent decomposition analysis across IP5 offices from 1990 to 2022. China’s CNIPA dominates with 765,186 applications, its growth driven by both a strongly positive SCALE effect and an intensifying ENVIRONMENT effect following sector-specific action plans for air (2013), water (2015), and soil (2016). In contrast, developed economies peaked around 2010–2012 before declining, with the SCALE effect near zero at the USPTO and EPO, persistently negative at the JPO, and uniquely positive at the KIPO. A cross-cutting pattern is the consistently negative POLLUTION indicator across all five offices, indicating that pollution control technologies grew more slowly than other environmental technology domains throughout the study period. The most consequential finding is a systematic reallocation of R&D priorities toward waste management technologies in the 2010s–2020s at all non-Chinese offices—particularly in the United States, Europe, Japan, and Korea—while air pollution control declined sharply. This shift is closely linked to circular economy policy frameworks and the rapid expansion of electric vehicle markets, which generated surging demand for battery recycling and material recovery technologies. The analysis thus reveals that pollution control innovation is increasingly integrated with the transportation and energy storage sectors rather than operating as a standalone regulatory compliance domain.