Management of Gastrointestinal Problems in Children with CHD

Globally, the prevalence of congenital cardiac diseases (CHD) is rising, owing to advancements in diagnosis and therapeutic options. Children with congenital cardiac problems are more likely to have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD might present with recurrent respiratory symptoms, recurrent pneumonia, and failure to thrive. Coexistence of both conditions may potentially complicate the clinical course and affect the outcome of surgery. Malnutrition and failure to thrive have long been recognized as common systemic consequences of CHD.