Active Galactic Nuclei and Their Demography Through Cosmic Time

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are highly energetic astrophysical sources powered by accretion onto supermassive black holes in galaxies, which present unique observational signatures covering the full electromagnetic spectrum (and more) over about 20 orders of magnitude in frequency. We first review the main AGN properties and diversities and show that they can be explained by a small number of parameters. We then discuss the so-called Unification Models for non-jetted AGN, according to which these sources are believed to have the same nuclear engine and circumnuclear matter, with the same geometry for the obscuring structure. This simplified scenario, however, cannot explain all the observed complexities, such as the presence of multiple absorbers on different physical scales, including recent X-ray observations of circumnuclear matter. Finally, we touch upon AGN evolution in the X-ray and γ-ray bands.