Agarwood is a non-timber forest product (NTFP) which is a domestic and global commodity, because economically it has a high selling price of non-timber forest products. Indonesia became a supplier of agarwood products in the late 1990s and the early 2000s. The paper examines four critical questions as mentioned below: First is to highlight the significance of agarwood as trading commodity. Second is to examine agarwood known by the Papua people as commodity. Third is to know agarwood traders in Papua from province level, district and sub-district level. The conceptual and theoretical framework is used ‘political ecology’ which highlights the role of stakeholders to analysis the significance of agarwood as trading commodity whether domestic and international as well. Besides, to know trading network of agarwood from province level, subdistrict and village. The findings of this fieldwork are that Ministry of Environment and Forestry still ignoring on non-timber forest products, including agarwood; Indonesia receives foreign exchange earnings from agarwood trading reached US$ 1.6 billion in 2017 and IDR 28 billion as PNBP (non-taxes as government revenue); to know effectively economic and social improvement among Papua people due to natural agarwood.