Statistical Aspects of X-ray Spectral Analysis

This handbook chapter gives a modern introduction to spectral analysis of celestial X-ray sources. Concepts presented include the instrumentation response, the linear modeling approximation, Poisson count statistics and the Gaussian approximation, data re-binning, visualization techniques, handling backgrounds, Bayesian and frequentist viewpoints, uncertainty quantification of model parameters, model checking, model comparison, and inferring population distributions. Realistic hands-on example exercises with accompanying data files and code are included to apply the theoretical concepts in practice.