Population aging raises significant economic concerns for policymakers and international agencies, spanning from macroeconomic, microeconomic, fiscal, and healthcare issues. Population aging is expected to strain economic and healthcare systems worldwide, though differentially in the countries in Global North and South. This chapter highlights and summarizes the chapters in the section on Economics of Aging in this handbook. Together, the section provides an overview of current research on aging, featuring both conceptual and empirical insights from around the world. Organized into 15 chapters and drawing from diverse datasets across the world—including India, Indonesia, South Korea, and the United States—the section highlights global expertise on the economic implications of aging. It covers themes such as work and employment, economic dependency and social security, financial demography and intergenerational effects, and the broader welfare contributions of the elderly.