Nanomedicinal Approaches for Metabolic Disorders of Livestock Animals

Metabolic disorders in livestock usually appear due to deficiency or malfunctioning of certain enzyme(s) leading to derangement of normal metabolic pathway(s). The metabolic syndrome may also arise from disbalanced hormonal level predisposing the subject towards cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases as well as reproductive illness. Consequently, morbidity or mortality of animals and hindrance to optimum productivity and profitability from livestock farming systems arise. Therefore, suitable diagnostic and therapeutic interventions of metabolism related disorders is of utmost significance that conforms the current discussion. Syndromes related to carbohydrate metabolism predominantly include but not limited to hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia, and galactosemia, resulting into diabetes mellitus (DM) and several glycogen storage disorders. Similarly, anomaly in lipid and amino acid metabolism causes fatty liver syndrome, ketosis, gangliosidoses, Krabbe’s disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Faber’s disease, hyperhomocysteinemia, phenylketonuria, cystinuria, alkaptonuria, albinism, and several other diseases. Conventional treatment of these diseases often poses limitations due to instability, poor bioavailability, limited solubility, constrained absorption, and adverse side effects of drugs. Also, traditional therapeutics have restrictions in permeability through biological barriers such as the blood–brain barrier (BBB) of the central nervous system (CNS). Owing to the novel physiochemical properties of NPs, nanotechnology-aided therapeutic approaches possess the superiority in terms of drug absorption, therapeutic concentration, stability, permeability, effective drug targeting, reproducibility, as well as prolonged release of drug within target tissue. Hence, nanotherapeutics may be preferred for treatment of the metabolic disorders as exploitation of NPs enhances the effectiveness of treatment, decreasing the side effects and the amount of drug usage. Therefore, the current chapter will illuminate about different state-of-the art nano-interventions in therapeutic regimen of the metabolic disorders focusing towards the livestock and pet animals.