The UNSC has repeatedly recognized that terrorist groups pose a threat to international peace and security, also within the framework of weapons of mass destruction. In particular, the prospective use of biological weapons for terrorist purposes—or bioterrorism—imposes a climate of uncertainty, as access barriers to dual-use products and information are gradually reduced and new vulnerabilities arise. The 1972 BWC is the main international instrument for biological disarmament and non-proliferation purposes, whose compliance and verification mechanisms have been the subject of extensive debate because of their limited scope. This chapter analyzes the contribution of UNSC resolution 1540 (2004), and more specifically that of the 1540 Committee, to the implementation of international obligations against bioterrorism. After considering the deficiencies of the BWC and, more particularly, CBMs, the reporting obligations within UNSC resolution 1540 (2004) are analyzed, and various other initiatives are suggested in order to enforce the ‘quasi-compliance’ and complementary role of the 1540 Committee. In light of the unstable geopolitical situation and the rapid advancement of science and technology, some prospective steps to move forward include enforcing assistance and institutionalization, closer interactions with stakeholders and UN bodies, and an adequate distribution of limited resources.