This chapter explores how R2P and general international law can strengthen the Assembly of States Parties’ responses to non-cooperation by States. The Assembly of States Parties has consistently emphasised the responsibility of States to protect populations from atrocity crimes. Despite this commitment, the Assembly’s existing frameworks for addressing non-cooperation have not been fully effective, often relying on non-coercive measures that have failed to hold States accountable for their failure to cooperate or otherwise prevent future breaches of obligations under the Rome Statute. This chapter therefore seeks to assess how the Assembly of States Parties can effectively utilise the principles contained in the three pillars of R2P, as well as the tools present in general international law, to strengthen its mechanisms for responding to non-cooperation that has been referred to it by a Court decision.