Arid regions face acute resourceResource challenges driven by waterWater scarcity, limited arable land, and growing populations. This work investigates how process integrationProcess integration and eco-industrial parkEco-industrial parks frameworks can systematically convert waste streams—such as biosolids and plasticsPlastics—into valuable resources, thereby enhancing resource resilience and sustainabilitySustainability. Technologies including anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and gasification are evaluated for their techno-economic performance and greenhouse gas implications, demonstrating strong potential to generate energyEnergy, recover materials, and reduce reliance on landfills. A resource integration modeling framework optimizes multi-process networks, maximizing profit and circularity metrics while meeting environmental targets. Comparative case studies on industrial biosludgeBiosludge and plasticPlastics waste conversion underscore the importance of holistic, data-driven approaches to optimize waste-to-resource pathways, informing policy and industrial practice in arid contexts.