Endothelial Cytoskeleton Organization on Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Dioxide Films for Cardiovascular Stent Preparation
摘要
Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Stenting is a common treatment for arterial atherosclerotic blockages, significantly reducing the risk of complications and restenosis. However, restenosis remains a clinical challenge, and it is indispensable to develop coated stents to prevent its occurrence. Among the most promising stent coating materials is titanium-oxide-nitride (TiOxNy), deposited via magnetron sputtering. Despite advancements, achieving coatings with cell-stimulatory behavior and precise adhesion control remains a challenge in stent development. This study presents an approach for depositing TiOxNy films on stent substrates at different O₂/N₂ feeding ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) and different bias voltages using mid-frequency magnetron sputtering. Comprehensive surface characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to analyze phase composition, surface morphology, and elemental composition. Additionally, the hydrophilic properties and cytocompatibility of the coatings were evaluated. Results demonstrate that cell-surface interactions with EA.hy 926 endothelial cells are strongly influenced by the surface nanostructure. The most favorable bio-nano interface interactions occur in the following order: TiON 1–1, −100V > TiON 1–3, 0 V > TiON 1–3, −100 V > TiON 1–1, 0 V. These coatings exhibited no cytotoxicity, promoted optimal cytoskeletal organization, as well as facilitated spontaneous endothelial cell differentiation and 3D tube formation. Additionally, they enhanced wound healing by supporting both single and collective cell migration, while preserving intercellular connections via catenin/cadherin complexes.