Foundational research investment, which stimulates disciplinary, cross-disciplinary, and even anti-disciplinary research, is crucial to developing and strengthening the science and engineering needed for Army modernization and future NATO defense capabilities. The U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Army Research Laboratory research competency Humans in Complex Systems seeks to develop foundational knowledge to inform new capabilities in estimating and augmenting human and human-system performance as well as support neural-inspired intelligent systems development. This requires interdisciplinary advancements in diverse fields including biological sciences, social, behavioral, and cognitive sciences, biomathematics, bioelectronics, nanoscience, artificial intelligence (AI), neuralmorphic computing, and other biotechnologies. To this end, the U.S. Army and NATO Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Programme fund basic and applied research to promote cooperation in early-stage scientific pursuit and technology development.