In this chapter, the emerging field of nanomedicine is examined from a philosophical point of view. Firstly, the introduction works out the broader context of nanotechnology in today’s scientific culture and shows some utopian undertones in the public discourse on nanotechnology. Secondly, in the following section on practical applications, some examples for research activities in nanomedicine are described and discussed. The third section gives a short introduction into the discussion on language and metaphors in nanobiotechnology. In the following section, the ethical issues in the context of nanomedicine are outlined. These selected issues are (1) risk assessment, (2) personal and human identity, (3) human enhancement, and (4) distribution of benefits and risks in the context of the implementation of innovative applications in medicine. Finally, some conclusions sum up the discussion on nanomedicine in philosophy and deal with characteristic hopes found in the public in the context of this biotechnology.