What Are Image Processing Methods?

In TEM and STEM, the magnificationMagnification (M) of images is ordinarily several million or tens of million for observing atomic columns with spacing less than 0.2 nm. The electron intensityElectron intensity (number of electrons onto films or detectors) is reduced by \(M^{2}\) . From the viewpoint of irradiation damageIrradiation damage of specimens, we cannot illuminate excessive electrons onto a specimen. The signal-to-noise ratio of the image is reduced in higher magnification.