Imaging by Using a Convex Lens as a Phase Shifter

An electron microscopeElectron microscope is composed of many axially symmetric magnetic fieldsAxially symmetric magnetic field as a convex lensesConvex lens for imaging. In this appendix, the performance of the convex lens is further explained from the viewpoint of wave opticsWave optics. Basically, it is the same as that of a convex lens made of glass. Let us start with the characteristic nature of electron wavesElectron waves.