The reception of Tocqueville as a representative and catchphrase provider of Political Psychology is closely associated with the name of the Norwegian philosopher, political theorist, and social scientist, Jon Elster. Thus, it largely takes place outside the academic discipline of the same name (cf. Eysenck 1954) and especially the psychoanalytic tradition linked to Sigmund Freud. Based on predominantly behaviourist considerations, Elster has emerged as a proponent of analytical Marxism and a critic of neoclassical economics, who also identified the greatest challenge of the social sciences as harmonizing the irrationality often observed in interpersonal actions and encounters with the assumptions of a limited rational-choice approach.