This chapter presents music therapy interventions for children and adolescents with mental health problems in light of the current situation of children and adolescents in Germany and its consequences for the well-being and health-related quality of life of this age group. Music therapy is of great importance in medical practice for this clientele and can substantiate its clinically evident benefit in a way that withstands scientific scrutiny. This chapter discusses indications and contraindications, as well as current research results on autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and self-harming behavior.