Without explicit positionings, there is a fundamental identification between the quotation and the quoter. However, if a quoter wishes to nuance, qualify, or even reject this identification, they can employ various means of positioning. Examples of this include hedges, which attenuate the validity of a statement, and boosters, which in turn reinforce the validity of a statement. The analysis of such positionings falls under the concept of stancetaking, the means and sub-concepts of which are the subject of the following Chapter 4.