After a basic introduction to the challenges of a behavior-based study of language processing, this chapter presents behavioral methods and procedures that provide empirical data on neurocognition of language. For example, psycholinguistic methods, such as elicitation and priming, as well as the physiological basis of reaction time and eye tracking studies are introduced. The study of gestures accompanying speech or mental concepts for action-based verbs is presented using the technique of motion tracking as an example. The importance of combining behavior-based experiments with invasive and non-invasive methods of cognitive neuroscience and neurolinguistics is shown.