The chapter first introduces the macroscopic anatomy of the brain, explains functional differences between brain regions and shows the functional integration of the two hemispheres. The functional neuroanatomy of the visual and auditory pathways, which serve as examples of cross-hemispheric neuronal cooperation, is explained in detail. With regard to motor control, the basics of handedness and its connection to so-called language lateralization are introduced. Using the example of split-brain patients, the phenomenon of complementary hemispheric specialization is explained and current hypotheses on the cortical representation of language are presented, which no longer assume a strict left-hemispheric dominance of language. Finally, the fundamental connection between motor action planning and morpho-syntactic speech planning is shown.