Key research questions in neurolinguistics are outlined and the approach to the phenomenon of language from a humanities and natural science perspective is presented. The chapter introduces the neurolinguistic study of language as an interdisciplinary approach of the disciplines of linguistics, psychology and neuroscience, in which both theoretical models and empirical approaches and methods are used to complement each other. The human language ability is a complex cognitive performance that can only be adequately studied through a systemic combination of introspection, theoretical analysis, and empirical laboratory approaches. It is shown why in neurolinguistics language is currently no longer seen as a theoretical construct but as the most highly developed communicative behavior between individuals (language as a behavioral achievement) via the development of theories in the philosophy of language, clinical neurological findings, psycholinguistic models and neurocognitive laboratory findings.