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A comparison between the 18th and 21st centuries reveals a remarkable similarity between the two eras. Around the middle of the 18th century, the nation-states in EuropeEurope were only partially established. Only England and France constituted fully developed nations. Spain was still struggling for its national identity. Italy and Germany consisted merely of fragmented small states, kingdoms, and principalities.

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Enlightenment in Europe

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Johannes Rohbeck

摘要

A comparison between the 18th and 21st centuries reveals a remarkable similarity between the two eras. Around the middle of the 18th century, the nation-states in EuropeEurope were only partially established. Only England and France constituted fully developed nations. Spain was still struggling for its national identity. Italy and Germany consisted merely of fragmented small states, kingdoms, and principalities.