This chapter outlines the major physiogeographic regions of Africa: North Africa, West and Central Africa, East Africa, Zambezi countries, and South Africa. North Africa encompasses the Maghreb states and the Mediterranean coasts of Libya and Egypt, adjacent to the vast Sahara Desert. South of the Sahara, West and Central Africa include the semi-arid Sahel transition zone and the wetter Sudan zone and coastal "Guinea lands" with tropical climates. They exhibit a transition from a wet-dry tropical climate to a wet-equatorial climate with tropical rainforests, marked by the savanna corridor known as the Dahomey Gap. Central Africa, encompassing the Congo Basin, features a tropical rainforest surrounded by wet-dry savannas, bordered by elevated ridges. East Africa is characterized by extreme variations in elevation and climate due to rift zones, hig plateaus, and volcanos. The Zambezi countries, situated within the Zambezi River's catchment, have a wet-dry tropical climate with high plateaus, while the Greater South Africa regions's physical geography is defined by altitude and subtropical climate variations.