The tradition of religious veneration of Christian martyrs and saints and their relics, which began in late antiquity, was maintained by the Catholic Church during the Counter-Reformation and increasingly carried to non-European territories by the early modern mission. The chapter explains the diverse meanings and functions that Christian body relics had in the missions and when actors from different cultural and religious traditions came together. It becomes clear that relics are far more than just religious symbols. They were and are central objects and sometimes also actors in religious, social and political negotiation processes. On the one hand, body relics mark territory and stand for the tradition of the church; on the other hand, they are objects in conflicts over orthodoxy and orthopraxy, between Roman centralization efforts and the autonomy of local Christian communities.