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The kidneys are arranged in pairs in the retroperitoneum at the level of Th12 to L3 (right) or Th11 to L2 (left) in expiration. The longitudinal axis of both kidneys converges dorsally/cranially. The hilum renale opens medially/ventrally in each case.

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Foreign Materials in the Urogenital Tract

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • U. Hundertmark,
  • D. Kildal

摘要

The kidneys are arranged in pairs in the retroperitoneum at the level of Th12 to L3 (right) or Th11 to L2 (left) in expiration. The longitudinal axis of both kidneys converges dorsally/cranially. The hilum renale opens medially/ventrally in each case.