Psychopathology deals with the individual signs of mental illnesses; one can speak of the smallest descriptive units of psychopathological changes, the clinical elements of syndromes and disease patterns. Here, the question is: What is a neuroscientific explanatory model for the elements of mental disorders? We have a new level of psychopathology before us: neuroscientific explanations of the abnormal actions and also the abnormal experiences of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatry is still at the beginning of the neuroscientific exploration of these phenomena. But even now, valuable insights into the foundations of these often puzzling symptoms are emerging.