Scoring and Grading Systems in Endocrinology

All relevant functional tests are explained with a detailed presentation of indications, contraindications, side effects, test preparation, framework conditions, specific instructions for the actual test execution, and the interpretation of test results. Specific normal ranges and cut-off values are always provided, even for special situations (gender, age, BMI, puberty phases, cycle phases, acute illnesses, medications, etc.). A special feature is the emphasis on test preparation, execution, and interpretation, as well as the interdisciplinary nature. The presentation of scoring systems for orchidometry, pubertal development, hirsutism, acne, alopecia, chronic kidney disease, ophthalmometry, goiter grade, orbitopathy, pituitary apoplexy, PCOS, CK elevation, and statin-induced myopathy is very helpful for daily practice.