Endocrinological Indications for Karyotyping

All relevant functional tests are explained with a detailed presentation of indications, contraindications, side effects, test preparation, framework conditions, concrete instructions for the actual test execution, and the interpretation of the test results. Specific normal ranges and cut-off values are always provided, even for special situations (gender, age, BMI, puberty phases, cycle phases, acute illnesses, medications, etc.). A special feature is the emphasis on test preparation, execution, and interpretation, as well as the interdisciplinary character. Indications, significance, and limitations of a classical karyogram are illustrated using the examples of Klinefelter syndrome and Ullrich-Turner syndrome.