Hypothalamus

All relevant functional tests are explained with a detailed presentation of indications, contraindications, side effects, test preparation, framework conditions, specific instructions for the actual test execution, and the interpretation of the test results. Specific normal ranges and cut-off values are always provided, even for special situations (gender, age, BMI, puberty phases, cycle phases, acute illnesses, medications, etc.). A special feature is the emphasis on test preparation, execution, and interpretation, as well as the interdisciplinary nature. Hypothalamic function tests such as insulin-induced hypoglycemia, exercise, clonidine, and propranolol-glucagon tests are demanding, both in execution and interpretation. In particular, the cut-off values for GH are subject to constant adjustments and influences and must always be considered in the overall clinical context.