Aortic valve stenosis and aortic valve insufficiency are among the most common defects in clinical practice. Aortic valve stenosis can be caused by degenerative changes, a bicuspid misaligned valve, or rheumatic changes. Clinical symptoms are dyspnea, syncope, and angina pectoris. The transthoracic echocardiography is diagnostically indicative. Mortality is significantly increased in symptomatic patients with severe stenosis, which is why a valve replacement should be performed. In addition to surgical valve replacement, a large proportion of patients can now be treated with transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Chronic aortic valve insufficiency can be caused by a bicuspid valve, degenerative changes, or connective tissue diseases. The transthoracic echocardiography is diagnostically indicative. The clinical course is usually inapparent for years but can lead to heart failure in the final stage, which is why these patients in particular should receive a valve replacement.