Photovoltaics for electrical energy and for climate-friendly fuels

Photovoltaic solar modules are specified at exactly 43 to 134 W per square meter of panel area, but in practice the value levels are of around 100 W/m2. The electrical output [W] per square meter [m2] is an efficient indicator of how large the panel area must be for a desired output. However, the real potential of photovoltaics, in addition to direct conversion into electrical energy, is the production of hydrogen, as fuel for industry, heating, for combustion engines and fuel cells in automobiles. Hydrogen as the basis for the formation of hydrogenated vegetable oils, from plant residues but also from frying fat from French fries. Electrolytically generated hydrogen using photovoltaics, packaged in ammonia and vegetable oils, is logistically far cheaper than storing photovoltaic electrical energy in batteries or transporting it to Europe and America via heavy, thousands of kilometers of cables, which is fraught with energy loss.