Vanadium Group: Elements of the Fifth Subgroup

This chapter describes the chemical and physical properties, occurrence, manufacturing processes, applications, and patents of the elements of the fifth subgroup of the periodic table of elements with their most important compounds. Vanadium is a component of a series of resistant and hard steels, whereas the hard and chemically relatively inert metals niobium and tantalum are used to produce high-melting alloys for special applications. Isotopes of dubnium do not occur naturally and can only be produced artificially.