When the Skin Hardens and Calcifies

Both localized and systemic scleroderma are considered complex autoimmune diseases with induration of the skin, subcutis, and fascia, which can impair the function of internal organs through fibrosis over time. The actual cause is unknown, but the epiphenomena of the immune disorder can be documented through autoantibodies and cytokine patterns. Organ manifestations primarily require imaging and pulmonary function diagnostics. Classification systems attempt to better assign the two main forms in their delineation, but also overlap. The therapeutic efforts are interdisciplinary and include, among other things, respiratory and physiotherapy and medicinal approaches.