Microbiome and Inflammation in Obesity

The human intestine is a complex ecosystem in which a variety of microbes live. Dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota is present in all diseases, including obesity. The GI microbiota primarily ferments non-absorbed carbohydrates, i.e., dietary fibers, and produces short-chain fatty acids from them, which are further utilized by the host and contribute to 5–10% of our total energy intake. Most metabolic products have health-promoting properties, but also unfavorable ones, which are particularly produced during the fermentation of proteins. The GI microbiota adapts quickly to new conditions, such as a change in the composition of food. The GI microbiota can be positively influenced by the intake of dietary fibers from food. A current recommendation for a specific pro- or prebiotic for the treatment of obesity with inflammation cannot be made at this time.