Numerous approaches have been proposed to enhance and trigger significant catalytic activity during the early stages of engine operation, mainly when the temperature of the exhaust system is below the so-called "light-off"threshold. Active thermal management techniques often rely on external devices and specialised catalyst heating technologies to accelerate the warm-up of TWC. Systems such as burner-like devices and electrically heated catalysts are promising, although they come with the trade-off of increased system complexity [8, 19, 31, 52].