The upcoming vehicle emissions regulations aim to accelerate the transition to near-zero emission vehicles in response to the escalating climate crisis. The urgency of reducing greenhouse gas emissions drives the automotive industry to innovate rapidly to minimise the environmental impact of internal combustion engines (ICEs) by adopting renewable biofuels and advanced operating strategies while ensuring cost and time efficiency. One of the most challenging aspects is reducing emissions during a cold start when the aftertreatment system is not yet at its optimum operating temperature [33].