Generative models are increasingly used in medical imaging for tasks such as data augmentation and privacy-preserving sharing. Beyond realism, it is crucial that generated images capture clinically relevant diversity, including variations in anatomy and pathology. Dataset diversity is often assessed using the multi-scale structural similarity index (MS-SSIM), which operates in pixel space. However, we show that MS-SSIM is highly sensitive to small perturbations and quickly saturates, failing to capture intrinsic anatomical variability. To address this, we introduce Wasserstein distance diversity WAD-Div, a feature-space metric that computes k-nearest neighbour distance distributions and quantifies diversity via Wasserstein distances to a reference. Experiments on chest X-ray and lung CT datasets demonstrate that WAD-Div reliably reflects dataset diversity and distributional similarity, whereas MS-SSIM can be misleading under simple augmentations. WAD-Div provides a robust framework for evaluating medical image dataset diversity beyond pixel-level measures.

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Rethinking Diversity Metrics in Medical Imaging with Wasserstein Distance

  • Marvin Seyfarth,
  • Salman U. H. Dar,
  • Sandy Engelhardt

摘要

Generative models are increasingly used in medical imaging for tasks such as data augmentation and privacy-preserving sharing. Beyond realism, it is crucial that generated images capture clinically relevant diversity, including variations in anatomy and pathology. Dataset diversity is often assessed using the multi-scale structural similarity index (MS-SSIM), which operates in pixel space. However, we show that MS-SSIM is highly sensitive to small perturbations and quickly saturates, failing to capture intrinsic anatomical variability. To address this, we introduce Wasserstein distance diversity WAD-Div, a feature-space metric that computes k-nearest neighbour distance distributions and quantifies diversity via Wasserstein distances to a reference. Experiments on chest X-ray and lung CT datasets demonstrate that WAD-Div reliably reflects dataset diversity and distributional similarity, whereas MS-SSIM can be misleading under simple augmentations. WAD-Div provides a robust framework for evaluating medical image dataset diversity beyond pixel-level measures.