This paper examines the evolving methods of terrorist financing and the corresponding countermeasures within the European Union in 2025. By analyzing two key academic contributions—by Schneider & Caruso and Karolczak—it outlines traditional and emerging funding strategies employed by terrorist groups, including state sponsorship, criminal activity, misuse of charities, and digital technologies like cryptocurrencies. The study assesses the EU’s legal and institutional framework against these findings, highlighting strengths such as regulatory harmonization and the establishment of AMLA, while also identifying persistent challenges, including the regulation of informal value transfer systems and cross-border cooperation. Complementing this analysis with insights from practitioners, the paper offers policy recommendations aimed at enhancing financial transparency, international coordination, and the responsiveness of CTF mechanisms to hybrid threats and technological change. It concludes that a risk-based, holistic, and dynamic approach is essential for effectively disrupting terrorist financing networks in the EU.

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Terrorist Financing and Impediments of Counter-Terrorism Financing in the European Union

  • Rebecca Schönenbach

摘要

This paper examines the evolving methods of terrorist financing and the corresponding countermeasures within the European Union in 2025. By analyzing two key academic contributions—by Schneider & Caruso and Karolczak—it outlines traditional and emerging funding strategies employed by terrorist groups, including state sponsorship, criminal activity, misuse of charities, and digital technologies like cryptocurrencies. The study assesses the EU’s legal and institutional framework against these findings, highlighting strengths such as regulatory harmonization and the establishment of AMLA, while also identifying persistent challenges, including the regulation of informal value transfer systems and cross-border cooperation. Complementing this analysis with insights from practitioners, the paper offers policy recommendations aimed at enhancing financial transparency, international coordination, and the responsiveness of CTF mechanisms to hybrid threats and technological change. It concludes that a risk-based, holistic, and dynamic approach is essential for effectively disrupting terrorist financing networks in the EU.