This final chapter looks on the roles of identification with the state of bih and religion. Initially, the relationship between a national affiliation to the country and the idea of being a member of a global ummah is examined. The second section of the analysis looks on the role of migration in bih, both in terms of immigration and emigration from the country. The third part addresses the role of women and their impact on the futre of the pious movements in the country. All three topics are interrelated and de facto concern questions of identity and the future.