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Making causal statements is an important but challenging task in science. We discuss the conditions that must be met for causality and review three methods for making causal claims: experiments, difference-in-differences, and instrumental variable estimation.

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Causality

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Benjamin E. Schlegel

摘要

Making causal statements is an important but challenging task in science. We discuss the conditions that must be met for causality and review three methods for making causal claims: experiments, difference-in-differences, and instrumental variable estimation.