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Dynamic digitalization has sparked a debate on its impact on IB research and theory (e.g., Stallkamp, Chen and Li 2023; Yang et al. 2025). While most firms are affected, virtual expansion strategies are particularly evident among ECFs, i.e., firms selling physical goods via own online shops or marketplaces to consumers (reaching 23% of global retail sales in 2027; ITA 2024). They mostly internationalize virtually, have immediate access to markets at low cost, and also offer new digital expansion opportunities for manufacturers (e.g., Gong, He and Lengler 2024).

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Study 2: Determinants of Wolly Owned Foreign Direct Investments in E-Commerce Firms: A Hierarchical Country- and Firm-Level Analysis

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Marius Müller

摘要

Dynamic digitalization has sparked a debate on its impact on IB research and theory (e.g., Stallkamp, Chen and Li 2023; Yang et al. 2025). While most firms are affected, virtual expansion strategies are particularly evident among ECFs, i.e., firms selling physical goods via own online shops or marketplaces to consumers (reaching 23% of global retail sales in 2027; ITA 2024). They mostly internationalize virtually, have immediate access to markets at low cost, and also offer new digital expansion opportunities for manufacturers (e.g., Gong, He and Lengler 2024).