In this chapter, the two central subjects of the study—(1) the German–Israeli youth exchange and (2) the Israeli–Palestinian conflict—are introduced, and their relevance to the present work is discussed. To address the research question, Chapter 2 derives and delineates cognitive and affective educational processes relevant to citizenship education on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The focus lies on adolescents’ (pre-)conceptions of the conflict, their ability to take others’ perspectives, and their affective perceptions of the parties involved in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Chapter 2 also examines adolescents’ attitudes toward Israel-related antisemitic prejudice and their extracurricular engagement with the topic of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.