This section provides an in-depth theoretical foundation to explore the intricate interplay between menstrual health and workplace environments. It begins by examining the menstrual cycle, outlining the development of the female reproductive life cycle and the physiological and neurological effects associated with hormonal changes. Gender-specific differences and the relationship between sex hormones and various diseases are discussed, alongside an overview of prevalent symptoms and conditions affecting the female genital system. The chapter also delves into the feminine hygiene market, recent advancements in sanitary products, and trends in contraception methods. Building on this, factors influencing the menstrual cycle are analyzed through the lens of the biopsychosocial model, with a particular emphasis on stressors such as job strain and their impact on menstrual health. The societal perception of menstruation is then explored, including historical and cultural stigmas, media representations, and relevant legislative and policy frameworks. Lastly, workplace considerations are addressed, highlighting occupational safety and health (OSH) challenges specific to women, as well as organizational practices that can mitigate these issues. The chapter concludes with an integration of theoretical findings, setting the stage for the empirical analysis by identifying key concepts, delineating the scope of research, and formulating guiding research questions.