Conclusion and Implications

With an increasing number of Afghan refugees arriving in Europe in recent years, Germany today hosts one of the largest Afghan diaspora groups in Europe. Afghans have also migrated to the Netherlands and Sweden since the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and have become an integral part of Dutch and Swedish societies. Despite the growing number of Afghans in Europe, the challenges that they face in the socio-economic, legal-political, and cultural-religious spheres of life have remained largely uninvestigated, particularly when their integration is undermined by institutional practices, policies, or exclusionary actions, whether it is institutional verbal violence, bureaucratic procedures, including administrative failures or errors emerging from digitization or the use of algorithms and AI, and other forms of violence that harm underprivileged members of society but have still remained undefined and less legally regulated.